The 1-octanol-water partition coefficient is an important property to measure the hydrophobicity of organic compounds, which has been demonstrated to be a parameter in studying the conformation of biomolecules in aqueous solutions. For biological systems, electrolytes play an important role in thermodynamic properties. The salt addition effect on the distribution of phenolic compounds between water and 1-octanol at 298.15 K has been studied. The phenolic compounds used were vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillin, tyrosol, cathecol, caffeic acid and syringic acid, and the considered salts were potassium chloride, sodium chloride and lithium chloride. The influence of both the concentration and size of the added salt on the partition coefficient (Kow) have been considered. This study shows a salting in with the following decreasing order: LiCl > NaCl > KCl. The Gibbs energies of transfer of phenolic compounds (DG°tr ) form chloride solutions to organic phase have been calculated using experimental 1-octanol-water partition coefficients.

Background: The utilization of microalgae as a renewable energy is an important aspect in solving shortage of future oil reserve in 15 years. One of the renewable energy sources is microalgae biodiesel. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a wastewater that has a high content of organic materials. These organic materials can be used as growth nutrients for microalgae. Chlorella pyrenoidosa is one of the most potential microalgae used as a raw material for the production of biodiesel since it contains lipids (8%-35%). Methods: Chlorella pyrenoidosa was cultured on the POME medium with concentrations of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%v with addition of synthetic nutrients (urea: TSP) at the ratios of 2: 1; 1: 2; 0. 5: 1 in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask, at pH 6-8, aeration using aquarium pumps, and using LED lights (3000 lux). Results: It was revealed that at POME concentration of 25% and with addition of urea: TSP at a ratio of 2: 1, the optimum specific growth rate (0. 306/day) with the highest number of cells was 3. 530 × 107 cells/mL and the highest lipid content was 36% of its dry weight. The removal efficiency of POME could be obtained from the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, and orthophosphate (P-PO4), which was 70, 90. 42, and 81. 12%, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, under appropriate culture conditions, C. pyrenoidosa can produce lipids with good use of nutrients contained in the POME medium.

The objective of this paper is to develop arithmetic operations between generalized trapezoidal (triangular) fuzzy numbers so that the drawbacks of the existing works are overcome. In this respect, the extension principle has been used to calculate different arithmetic operations.

This study aimed to investigate the potential of three Paeonia species, Paeonia peregrina Mill., Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill., and Paeonia officinalis L., as sources of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials. Different parts of the plant were extracted with solvents of varying polarities and the extracts were subjected to various tests to determine their total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antiradical activity, potential antioxidant activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and microbial activity. Paeonia Officinalis was found to have the best antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The results demonstrated that P. officinalis is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds with higher antioxidant and antimicrobial potential compared to P. peregrina and P. mascula.     The ethyl acetate extract of P. officinalis showed the highest levels of phenolic content (62.45 mg GAE/g DW) and antioxidant potential as well as the strongest antimicrobial activity against various microbial strains. Ethyl acetate extract of P. officinalis effectively inhibited all of the examined bacteria and the fungus; however, it had a stronger impact on Gram-negative bacteria than it did on Gram-positive bacteria. The highest activity was observed against the Gram-negative pathogen P. aeruginosa with an inhibitory zone of 24 mm.  Pearson correlation analysis revealed different correlations for the three Paeonia species in different extracts and plant parts. Overall, the study highlights the potential of P. officinalis as a source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials.

Background and Objectives: There is a profound inclination among people toward consumption of herbs and herbal products. Some of these products are harmful while health-promoting potentials of some others should be discovered. In the present study the antibacterial, antioxidant, acute and subchronic and cancer cell toxicity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Rosa damascena Mill. Was studied.Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activities were determined by agar disc diffusion method. Total phenol content was estimated. Antioxidative properties of the extracts were determined by bleaching of beta carotene or 2,20-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) was expressed as gallic acid equivalents or known Fe (II) concentration for rose extracts and blood sera respectively. Acute and subchronic toxicity and cytotoxicity of the extracts were tested using animal model or Hela cells. Hematology and clinical chemistry parameters were noted.Results: Staphylococcus aureus was found susceptible. The total phenol contents of the methanolic and aqueous extracts were 132.67±3.51 and 117.33±6.81mg Gallic acid equivalent/mg sample, respectively. Antioxidative effects were higher than those of the synthetic antioxidants were. A dose dependent levels of FRAP was noted in blood sera of rats gavaged with the extracts. Decrease in cholesterol/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios, fasting glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid is suggestive of promising therapeutic potentials of the extract. Inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50) of 4.5 mg/ml was determined for cytotoxicity of the extract against Hela cell line. Conclusion: The results suggest application of rose extract as a natural antioxidant and healthpromoting agent.